known record of u.s. involvement in Nicaragua
• 1853—Nicaragua—to protect American lives and interests during political
disturbances.*†
1857 Nicaragua. April to May, November to December 1857. In May, Commander C.H. Davis, with some marines, received the surrender of William Walker, who had been attempting to gain control of the country and protected his men from the retaliation of local allies who had been fighting Walker. In November and December of the same year, United States vessels Saratoga, Wabash, and Fulton
opposed another attempt by William Walker to take control of Nicaragua. Commodore Hiram Paulding’s act of landing marines and compelling the removal of Walker to the United States was tacitly disavowed by Secretary of State Lewis Cass, and Paulding was forced into retirement.,
(page 8/58, pdf, Instances of use of United States armed forces abroad, 1798-2023, updated June 7, 2023, Congressional research service : informing the legislative debate since 1914,)
── https://sgp.fas.org/crs/natsec/R42738.pdf
• 1894—Nicaragua—To protect American interests at Bluefields following a
revolution.*†
*† A State Department list, “Instances of the Use of United States Armed Forces Abroad 1798–1945” (presented by Secretary of State Dean Rusk to a Senate committee in 1962 to cite precedents for the use of armed force against Cuba), shows 103 interventions in the affairs of other countries between 1798 and 1895., p.???, A people's history of the United States, by Howard Zinn.
1909-1912
── Nicaragua
── international banking house of Brown Brothers
── en.wikipedia.org
── international banking
── look up Brown brothers, international banking
── I helped make Mexico, especially Tampico, safe for American oil interests in 1914. I helped make Haiti and Cuba a decent place for the National City Bank boys to collect revenues in. I helped in the raping of half a dozen Central American republics for the benefits of Wall Street. The record of racketeering is long. I helped purify Nicaragua for the international banking house of Brown Brothers in 1909-1912 (where have I heard that name before?). I brought light to the Dominican Republic for American sugar interests in 1916. In China I helped to see to it that Standard Oil went its way unmolested.
── Smedley Butler on Interventionism
-- Excerpt from a speech delivered in 1933, by Major General Smedley Butler, USMC.
── https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_Is_a_Racket
── https://www.ratical.org/ratville/CAH/warisaracket.html
── https://foreignpolicy.com/2015/01/15/war-is-still-a-racket/
1909-1933
── Nicaragua
── United States occupation (1909–1933)
── https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaragua
1910
1911
1912-1933
── Nicaragua
── U.S. Marines occupied Nicaragua from 1912 to 1933,[29]: 111, 197 [59] except for a nine-month period beginning in 1925
── https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaragua
1979
── July 1979
── The Sandinistas forcefully took power in July 1979, ousting Somoza, and prompting the exodus of the majority of Nicaragua's middle class, wealthy landowners, and professionals, many of whom settled in the United States.[83][84][85] The Carter administration decided to work with the new government, while attaching a provision for aid forfeiture if it was found to be assisting insurgencies in neighboring countries.[86] Somoza fled the country and eventually ended up in Paraguay, where he was assassinated in September 1980, allegedly by members of the Argentinian Revolutionary Workers' Party.[87]
── https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaragua
── Nicaraguan Revolution (1960s–1990)
── internal conflict with little to no outside infiltration that we know of
── this led to Iran-Contra in the u.s.
1980
1981–1990 Nicaragua, Contras
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contras
── Nicaragua
── The U.S. also carried out a campaign of economic sabotage, and disrupted shipping by planting underwater mines in Nicaragua's port of Corinto,[93]
── The court also found that the U.S. encouraged acts contrary to humanitarian law by producing the manual Psychological Operations in Guerrilla Warfare and disseminating it to the Contras.[95] The manual, among other things, advised on how to rationalize killings of civilians.[96]
── The U.S. also sought to place economic pressure on the Sandinistas, and the Reagan administration imposed a full trade embargo.[97]
── https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaragua
Somoza Debayle, Anastasio and Jack Cox. 1980. Nicaragua Betrayed. Western Islands. pp. 169–180.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anastasio_Somoza_Debayle
1983
── Operation Staunch
── https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Staunch
── In the spring of 1983, the United States launched Operation Staunch, a wide-ranging diplomatic effort to persuade other nations all over the world not to sell arms or spare parts for weapons to Iran.[17] This was at least part of the reason the Iran–Contra affair proved so humiliating for the United States when the story first broke in November 1986 that the U.S. itself was selling arms to Iran.
── en.wikipedia.org Iran–Contra affair
── the secret arms sales to Iran to fund the Contra in Nicargua
1984
1985
── 20 August 1985 – 4 March 1987
── to fund the Contras, a right-wing rebel group, in Nicaragua.
── known as McFarlane affair (in Iran), Iran–Contra scandal, Iran–Contra, Irangate, Reagangate
── a political scandal in the United States that occurred during the second term of the Reagan administration.
── Between 1981 and 1986, senior administration officials secretly facilitated the sale of arms to Iran, which was the subject of an arms embargo.[2]
── The administration hoped to use the proceeds of the arms sale to fund the Contras, a right-wing rebel group, in Nicaragua.
── Under the Boland Amendment, further funding of the Contras by the government had been prohibited by Congress.
── en.wikipedia.org Iran–Contra affair
── At the same time that the American government was considering its options on selling arms to Iran, Contra militants based in Honduras were waging a guerrilla war to topple the Sandinista National Liberation Front (FSLN) revolutionary government of Nicaragua. Almost from the time he took office in 1981, a major goal of the Reagan administration was the overthrow of the left-wing Sandinista government in Nicaragua and to support the Contra rebels.[18] The Reagan administration's policy towards Nicaragua produced a major clash between the executive and legislative branches as Congress sought to limit, if not curb altogether, the ability of the White House to support the Contras.[18] Direct U.S. funding of the Contras insurgency was made illegal through the Boland Amendment, the name given to three U.S. legislative amendments between 1982 and 1984 aimed at limiting U.S. government assistance to Contra militants. By 1984, funding for the Contras had run out; and, in October of that year, a total ban came into effect.
([ the following list is to provide context; the united states intervention into another country affair is not a one off event; there is a clear pattern of influence and intervention to support u.s. interest (the definition and reasoning is unclear) (need to look at each case); ...])
u.s. involvement in regime change (20th century)
1948–1960s Italy
1949 Syrian coup d'état
1949–1953 Albania
1953 Iranian coup d'état
1954 Guatemalan coup d'état
1956–57 Syria crisis
1957–58 Indonesian rebellion
1959–2000 assassination attempts on Fidel Castro
1959 Cambodia, Bangkok Plot
1960 Congo coup d'état
1961 Cuba, Bay of Pigs Invasion
1961 Cuba, Operation Mongoose
1961 Dominican Republic
1963 South Vietnamese coup d'état
1964 Brazilian coup d'état
1965–66 Indonesia, Transition to the New Order
1966 Ghanaian coup d'état
1971 Bolivian coup d'état
1970–1973 Chile
1976 Argentine coup d'état
1979 Salvadoran coup d'état
1979–1989 Afghanistan, Operation Cyclone
1975–1992 Angola, UNITA
1981–1990 Nicaragua, Contras
1982 Chad
1996 Iraq coup attempt
1948–1960s Italy
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIA_activities_in_Italy
1949 Syrian coup d'état
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_1949_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat
1949–1953 Albania
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Valuable
1953 Iranian coup d'état
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953_Iranian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat
1954 Guatemalan coup d'état
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1954_Guatemalan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat
1956–57 Syria crisis
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIA_activities_in_Syria#Attempted_regime_change,_1956%E2%80%9357
1957–58 Indonesian rebellion
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIA_activities_in_Indonesia#CIA_Failed_Coup_Attempt_of_1958
1959–2000 assassination attempts on Fidel Castro
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_attempts_on_Fidel_Castro
1959 Cambodia, Bangkok Plot
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok_Plot
1960 Congo coup d'état
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#United_States_involvement
1961 Cuba, Bay of Pigs Invasion
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_of_Pigs_Invasion
1961 Cuba, Operation Mongoose
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Mongoose
1961 Dominican Republic
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_Trujillo#Assassination
1963 South Vietnamese coup d'état
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1963_South_Vietnamese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat
1964 Brazilian coup d'état
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964_Brazilian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat
1965–66 Indonesia, Transition to the New Order
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transition_to_the_New_Order
1966 Ghanaian coup d'état
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Liberation_Council#1966_coup
1971 Bolivian coup d'état
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Banzer#Dictatorship_(1971%E2%80%931978)
1970–1973 Chile
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_intervention_in_Chile#Allende_presidency
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973_Chilean_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat
1976 Argentine coup d'état
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_Argentine_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat
1979 Salvadoran coup d'état
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1979_Salvadoran_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat
1979–1989 Afghanistan, Operation Cyclone
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Cyclone
1975–1992 Angola, UNITA
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNITA
1981–1990 Nicaragua, Contras
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contras
1982 Chad
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiss%C3%A8ne_Habr%C3%A9#Support_of_the_U.S._and_France
1996 Iraq coup attempt
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIA_activities_in_Iraq#Iraq_1996
___________________________________
• 1853—Nicaragua—to protect American lives and interests during political
disturbances.*†
1857 Nicaragua. April to May, November to December 1857. In May, Commander C.H. Davis, with some marines, received the surrender of William Walker, who had been attempting to gain control of the country and protected his men from the retaliation of local allies who had been fighting Walker. In November and December of the same year, United States vessels Saratoga, Wabash, and Fulton
opposed another attempt by William Walker to take control of Nicaragua. Commodore Hiram Paulding’s act of landing marines and compelling the removal of Walker to the United States was tacitly disavowed by Secretary of State Lewis Cass, and Paulding was forced into retirement.,
(page 8/58, pdf, Instances of use of United States armed forces abroad, 1798-2023, updated June 7, 2023, Congressional research service : informing the legislative debate since 1914,)
── https://sgp.fas.org/crs/natsec/R42738.pdf
• 1894—Nicaragua—To protect American interests at Bluefields following a
revolution.*†
*† A State Department list, “Instances of the Use of United States Armed Forces Abroad 1798–1945” (presented by Secretary of State Dean Rusk to a Senate committee in 1962 to cite precedents for the use of armed force against Cuba), shows 103 interventions in the affairs of other countries between 1798 and 1895., p.???, A people's history of the United States, by Howard Zinn.
1909-1912
── Nicaragua
── international banking house of Brown Brothers
── en.wikipedia.org
── international banking
── look up Brown brothers, international banking
── I helped make Mexico, especially Tampico, safe for American oil interests in 1914. I helped make Haiti and Cuba a decent place for the National City Bank boys to collect revenues in. I helped in the raping of half a dozen Central American republics for the benefits of Wall Street. The record of racketeering is long. I helped purify Nicaragua for the international banking house of Brown Brothers in 1909-1912 (where have I heard that name before?). I brought light to the Dominican Republic for American sugar interests in 1916. In China I helped to see to it that Standard Oil went its way unmolested.
── Smedley Butler on Interventionism
-- Excerpt from a speech delivered in 1933, by Major General Smedley Butler, USMC.
── https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_Is_a_Racket
── https://www.ratical.org/ratville/CAH/warisaracket.html
── https://foreignpolicy.com/2015/01/15/war-is-still-a-racket/
1909-1933
── Nicaragua
── United States occupation (1909–1933)
── https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaragua
1910
1911
1912-1933
── Nicaragua
── U.S. Marines occupied Nicaragua from 1912 to 1933,[29]: 111, 197 [59] except for a nine-month period beginning in 1925
── https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaragua
1979
── July 1979
── The Sandinistas forcefully took power in July 1979, ousting Somoza, and prompting the exodus of the majority of Nicaragua's middle class, wealthy landowners, and professionals, many of whom settled in the United States.[83][84][85] The Carter administration decided to work with the new government, while attaching a provision for aid forfeiture if it was found to be assisting insurgencies in neighboring countries.[86] Somoza fled the country and eventually ended up in Paraguay, where he was assassinated in September 1980, allegedly by members of the Argentinian Revolutionary Workers' Party.[87]
── https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaragua
── Nicaraguan Revolution (1960s–1990)
── internal conflict with little to no outside infiltration that we know of
── this led to Iran-Contra in the u.s.
1980
1981–1990 Nicaragua, Contras
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contras
── Nicaragua
── The U.S. also carried out a campaign of economic sabotage, and disrupted shipping by planting underwater mines in Nicaragua's port of Corinto,[93]
── The court also found that the U.S. encouraged acts contrary to humanitarian law by producing the manual Psychological Operations in Guerrilla Warfare and disseminating it to the Contras.[95] The manual, among other things, advised on how to rationalize killings of civilians.[96]
── The U.S. also sought to place economic pressure on the Sandinistas, and the Reagan administration imposed a full trade embargo.[97]
── https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaragua
Somoza Debayle, Anastasio and Jack Cox. 1980. Nicaragua Betrayed. Western Islands. pp. 169–180.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anastasio_Somoza_Debayle
1983
── Operation Staunch
── https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Staunch
── In the spring of 1983, the United States launched Operation Staunch, a wide-ranging diplomatic effort to persuade other nations all over the world not to sell arms or spare parts for weapons to Iran.[17] This was at least part of the reason the Iran–Contra affair proved so humiliating for the United States when the story first broke in November 1986 that the U.S. itself was selling arms to Iran.
── en.wikipedia.org Iran–Contra affair
── the secret arms sales to Iran to fund the Contra in Nicargua
1984
1985
── 20 August 1985 – 4 March 1987
── to fund the Contras, a right-wing rebel group, in Nicaragua.
── known as McFarlane affair (in Iran), Iran–Contra scandal, Iran–Contra, Irangate, Reagangate
── a political scandal in the United States that occurred during the second term of the Reagan administration.
── Between 1981 and 1986, senior administration officials secretly facilitated the sale of arms to Iran, which was the subject of an arms embargo.[2]
── The administration hoped to use the proceeds of the arms sale to fund the Contras, a right-wing rebel group, in Nicaragua.
── Under the Boland Amendment, further funding of the Contras by the government had been prohibited by Congress.
── en.wikipedia.org Iran–Contra affair
── At the same time that the American government was considering its options on selling arms to Iran, Contra militants based in Honduras were waging a guerrilla war to topple the Sandinista National Liberation Front (FSLN) revolutionary government of Nicaragua. Almost from the time he took office in 1981, a major goal of the Reagan administration was the overthrow of the left-wing Sandinista government in Nicaragua and to support the Contra rebels.[18] The Reagan administration's policy towards Nicaragua produced a major clash between the executive and legislative branches as Congress sought to limit, if not curb altogether, the ability of the White House to support the Contras.[18] Direct U.S. funding of the Contras insurgency was made illegal through the Boland Amendment, the name given to three U.S. legislative amendments between 1982 and 1984 aimed at limiting U.S. government assistance to Contra militants. By 1984, funding for the Contras had run out; and, in October of that year, a total ban came into effect.
([ the following list is to provide context; the united states intervention into another country affair is not a one off event; there is a clear pattern of influence and intervention to support u.s. interest (the definition and reasoning is unclear) (need to look at each case); ...])
u.s. involvement in regime change (20th century)
1948–1960s Italy
1949 Syrian coup d'état
1949–1953 Albania
1953 Iranian coup d'état
1954 Guatemalan coup d'état
1956–57 Syria crisis
1957–58 Indonesian rebellion
1959–2000 assassination attempts on Fidel Castro
1959 Cambodia, Bangkok Plot
1960 Congo coup d'état
1961 Cuba, Bay of Pigs Invasion
1961 Cuba, Operation Mongoose
1961 Dominican Republic
1963 South Vietnamese coup d'état
1964 Brazilian coup d'état
1965–66 Indonesia, Transition to the New Order
1966 Ghanaian coup d'état
1971 Bolivian coup d'état
1970–1973 Chile
1976 Argentine coup d'état
1979 Salvadoran coup d'état
1979–1989 Afghanistan, Operation Cyclone
1975–1992 Angola, UNITA
1981–1990 Nicaragua, Contras
1982 Chad
1996 Iraq coup attempt
1948–1960s Italy
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIA_activities_in_Italy
1949 Syrian coup d'état
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_1949_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat
1949–1953 Albania
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Valuable
1953 Iranian coup d'état
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953_Iranian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat
1954 Guatemalan coup d'état
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1954_Guatemalan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat
1956–57 Syria crisis
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIA_activities_in_Syria#Attempted_regime_change,_1956%E2%80%9357
1957–58 Indonesian rebellion
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIA_activities_in_Indonesia#CIA_Failed_Coup_Attempt_of_1958
1959–2000 assassination attempts on Fidel Castro
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_attempts_on_Fidel_Castro
1959 Cambodia, Bangkok Plot
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok_Plot
1960 Congo coup d'état
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#United_States_involvement
1961 Cuba, Bay of Pigs Invasion
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_of_Pigs_Invasion
1961 Cuba, Operation Mongoose
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Mongoose
1961 Dominican Republic
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_Trujillo#Assassination
1963 South Vietnamese coup d'état
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1963_South_Vietnamese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat
1964 Brazilian coup d'état
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964_Brazilian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat
1965–66 Indonesia, Transition to the New Order
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transition_to_the_New_Order
1966 Ghanaian coup d'état
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Liberation_Council#1966_coup
1971 Bolivian coup d'état
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Banzer#Dictatorship_(1971%E2%80%931978)
1970–1973 Chile
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_intervention_in_Chile#Allende_presidency
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973_Chilean_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat
1976 Argentine coup d'état
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_Argentine_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat
1979 Salvadoran coup d'état
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1979_Salvadoran_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat
1979–1989 Afghanistan, Operation Cyclone
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Cyclone
1975–1992 Angola, UNITA
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNITA
1981–1990 Nicaragua, Contras
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contras
1982 Chad
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiss%C3%A8ne_Habr%C3%A9#Support_of_the_U.S._and_France
1996 Iraq coup attempt
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIA_activities_in_Iraq#Iraq_1996
___________________________________
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