https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaragua
Nicaraguan Revolution (1960s–1990)
United States–supported anti-Sandinista "Contra" rebels (ARDE Frente Sur) in 1987
In 1961, Carlos Fonseca looked back to the historical figure of Sandino, and along with two other people (one of whom was believed to be Casimiro Sotelo, who was later assassinated), founded the Sandinista National Liberation Front (FSLN).[63] After the 1972 earthquake and Somoza's apparent corruption, the ranks of the Sandinistas were flooded with young disaffected Nicaraguans who no longer had anything to lose.[80]
In December 1974, a group of the FSLN, in an attempt to kidnap U.S. ambassador Turner Shelton, held some Managuan partygoers hostage (after killing the host, former agriculture minister, Jose Maria Castillo), until the Somozan government met their demands for a large ransom and free transport to Cuba. Somoza granted this, then subsequently sent his national guard out into the countryside to look for the kidnappers, described by opponents of the kidnapping as "terrorists".[81]
On January 10, 1978, Pedro Joaquín Chamorro Cardenal, the editor of the national newspaper La Prensa and ardent opponent of Somoza, was assassinated.[82] It is alleged that the planners and perpetrators of the murder were at the highest echelons of the Somoza regime.[82]
The Sandinistas forcefully took power in July 1979, ousting Somoza, and prompting the exodus of the majority of Nicaragua's middle class, wealthy landowners, and professionals, many of whom settled in the United States.[83][84][85] The Carter administration decided to work with the new government, while attaching a provision for aid forfeiture if it was found to be assisting insurgencies in neighboring countries.[86] Somoza fled the country and eventually ended up in Paraguay, where he was assassinated in September 1980, allegedly by members of the Argentinian Revolutionary Workers' Party.[87]
In 1980, the Carter administration provided $60 million in aid to Nicaragua under the Sandinistas, but the aid was suspended when the administration obtained evidence of Nicaraguan shipment of arms to El Salvadoran rebels.[88] Most people sided with Nicaragua against the Sandinistas.[89] In response to the coming to power of the Sandinistas, various rebel groups collectively known as the "Contras" were formed to oppose the new government. The Reagan administration authorized the CIA to help the Contra rebels with funding, weapons and training.[90] The Contras operated from camps in the neighboring countries of Honduras to the north and Costa Rica to the south.[90]
10th anniversary of the Nicaraguan revolution in Managua, 1989
They engaged in a systematic campaign of terror among rural Nicaraguans to disrupt the social reform projects of the Sandinistas. Several historians have criticized the Contra campaign and the Reagan administration's support for the Contras, citing the brutality and numerous human rights violations of the Contras. LaRamee and Polakoff, for example, describe the destruction of health centers, schools, and cooperatives at the hands of the rebels,[91] and others have contended that murder, rape, and torture occurred on a large scale in Contra-dominated areas.[92] The U.S. also carried out a campaign of economic sabotage, and disrupted shipping by planting underwater mines in Nicaragua's port of Corinto,[93] an action condemned by the International Court of Justice as illegal.[94] The court also found that the U.S. encouraged acts contrary to humanitarian law by producing the manual Psychological Operations in Guerrilla Warfare and disseminating it to the Contras.[95] The manual, among other things, advised on how to rationalize killings of civilians.[96] The U.S. also sought to place economic pressure on the Sandinistas, and the Reagan administration imposed a full trade embargo.[97]
•── The U.S. also carried out a campaign of economic sabotage, and disrupted shipping by planting underwater mines in Nicaragua's port of Corinto,[93]
([ did this work? was shipping disrupted? did any ship got blowed up by the mine? how did they demined the habour? How was this found out by the public? A ship got blow up? ])
([ what if there an economic sabotage happening inside the the u.s.?; how would you determine this?; would afford ability, avail ability, access ability, plenty of housing, jobs, and education be considered as economic sabotage or is that competition or the nature of ... ])
•── The U.S. also sought to place economic pressure on the Sandinistas, and the Reagan administration imposed a full trade embargo.[97]
The Sandinistas were also accused of human rights abuses including torture, disappearances and mass executions.[98][99] The Inter-American Commission on Human Rights investigated abuses by Sandinista forces, including an execution of 35 to 40 Miskitos in December 1981,[100] and an execution of 75 people in November 1984.[101]
In the Nicaraguan general elections of 1984, which were judged by at least one visiting 30-person delegation of NGO representatives to have been free and fair,[102] the Sandinistas won the parliamentary election and their leader Daniel Ortega won the presidential election.[103] The Reagan administration criticized the elections as a "sham" based on the claim that Arturo Cruz, the candidate nominated by the Coordinadora Democrática Nicaragüense, comprising three right wing political parties, did not participate in the elections. However, the administration privately argued against Cruz's participation for fear that his involvement would legitimize the elections, and thus weaken the case for American aid to the Contras.[104] According to Martin Kriele, the results of the election were rigged.[105][106][107][108]
In 1983 the U.S. Congress prohibited federal funding of the Contras, but the Reagan administration illegally continued to back them by covertly selling arms to Iran and channeling the proceeds to the Contras in the Iran–Contra affair, for which several members of the Reagan administration were convicted of felonies.[109] The International Court of Justice, in regard to the case of Nicaragua v. United States in 1986, found, "the United States of America was under an obligation to make reparation to the Republic of Nicaragua for all injury caused to Nicaragua by certain breaches of obligations under customary international law and treaty-law committed by the United States of America".[110] During the war between the Contras and the Sandinistas, 30,000 people were killed.[111]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaragua
____________________________________
Nicaraguan Revolution (1960s–1990)
United States–supported anti-Sandinista "Contra" rebels (ARDE Frente Sur) in 1987
In 1961, Carlos Fonseca looked back to the historical figure of Sandino, and along with two other people (one of whom was believed to be Casimiro Sotelo, who was later assassinated), founded the Sandinista National Liberation Front (FSLN).[63] After the 1972 earthquake and Somoza's apparent corruption, the ranks of the Sandinistas were flooded with young disaffected Nicaraguans who no longer had anything to lose.[80]
In December 1974, a group of the FSLN, in an attempt to kidnap U.S. ambassador Turner Shelton, held some Managuan partygoers hostage (after killing the host, former agriculture minister, Jose Maria Castillo), until the Somozan government met their demands for a large ransom and free transport to Cuba. Somoza granted this, then subsequently sent his national guard out into the countryside to look for the kidnappers, described by opponents of the kidnapping as "terrorists".[81]
On January 10, 1978, Pedro Joaquín Chamorro Cardenal, the editor of the national newspaper La Prensa and ardent opponent of Somoza, was assassinated.[82] It is alleged that the planners and perpetrators of the murder were at the highest echelons of the Somoza regime.[82]
The Sandinistas forcefully took power in July 1979, ousting Somoza, and prompting the exodus of the majority of Nicaragua's middle class, wealthy landowners, and professionals, many of whom settled in the United States.[83][84][85] The Carter administration decided to work with the new government, while attaching a provision for aid forfeiture if it was found to be assisting insurgencies in neighboring countries.[86] Somoza fled the country and eventually ended up in Paraguay, where he was assassinated in September 1980, allegedly by members of the Argentinian Revolutionary Workers' Party.[87]
In 1980, the Carter administration provided $60 million in aid to Nicaragua under the Sandinistas, but the aid was suspended when the administration obtained evidence of Nicaraguan shipment of arms to El Salvadoran rebels.[88] Most people sided with Nicaragua against the Sandinistas.[89] In response to the coming to power of the Sandinistas, various rebel groups collectively known as the "Contras" were formed to oppose the new government. The Reagan administration authorized the CIA to help the Contra rebels with funding, weapons and training.[90] The Contras operated from camps in the neighboring countries of Honduras to the north and Costa Rica to the south.[90]
10th anniversary of the Nicaraguan revolution in Managua, 1989
They engaged in a systematic campaign of terror among rural Nicaraguans to disrupt the social reform projects of the Sandinistas. Several historians have criticized the Contra campaign and the Reagan administration's support for the Contras, citing the brutality and numerous human rights violations of the Contras. LaRamee and Polakoff, for example, describe the destruction of health centers, schools, and cooperatives at the hands of the rebels,[91] and others have contended that murder, rape, and torture occurred on a large scale in Contra-dominated areas.[92] The U.S. also carried out a campaign of economic sabotage, and disrupted shipping by planting underwater mines in Nicaragua's port of Corinto,[93] an action condemned by the International Court of Justice as illegal.[94] The court also found that the U.S. encouraged acts contrary to humanitarian law by producing the manual Psychological Operations in Guerrilla Warfare and disseminating it to the Contras.[95] The manual, among other things, advised on how to rationalize killings of civilians.[96] The U.S. also sought to place economic pressure on the Sandinistas, and the Reagan administration imposed a full trade embargo.[97]
•── The U.S. also carried out a campaign of economic sabotage, and disrupted shipping by planting underwater mines in Nicaragua's port of Corinto,[93]
([ did this work? was shipping disrupted? did any ship got blowed up by the mine? how did they demined the habour? How was this found out by the public? A ship got blow up? ])
([ what if there an economic sabotage happening inside the the u.s.?; how would you determine this?; would afford ability, avail ability, access ability, plenty of housing, jobs, and education be considered as economic sabotage or is that competition or the nature of ... ])
•── The U.S. also sought to place economic pressure on the Sandinistas, and the Reagan administration imposed a full trade embargo.[97]
The Sandinistas were also accused of human rights abuses including torture, disappearances and mass executions.[98][99] The Inter-American Commission on Human Rights investigated abuses by Sandinista forces, including an execution of 35 to 40 Miskitos in December 1981,[100] and an execution of 75 people in November 1984.[101]
In the Nicaraguan general elections of 1984, which were judged by at least one visiting 30-person delegation of NGO representatives to have been free and fair,[102] the Sandinistas won the parliamentary election and their leader Daniel Ortega won the presidential election.[103] The Reagan administration criticized the elections as a "sham" based on the claim that Arturo Cruz, the candidate nominated by the Coordinadora Democrática Nicaragüense, comprising three right wing political parties, did not participate in the elections. However, the administration privately argued against Cruz's participation for fear that his involvement would legitimize the elections, and thus weaken the case for American aid to the Contras.[104] According to Martin Kriele, the results of the election were rigged.[105][106][107][108]
In 1983 the U.S. Congress prohibited federal funding of the Contras, but the Reagan administration illegally continued to back them by covertly selling arms to Iran and channeling the proceeds to the Contras in the Iran–Contra affair, for which several members of the Reagan administration were convicted of felonies.[109] The International Court of Justice, in regard to the case of Nicaragua v. United States in 1986, found, "the United States of America was under an obligation to make reparation to the Republic of Nicaragua for all injury caused to Nicaragua by certain breaches of obligations under customary international law and treaty-law committed by the United States of America".[110] During the war between the Contras and the Sandinistas, 30,000 people were killed.[111]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaragua
____________________________________
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